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Hangin'-A-Round

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Hangin'A Round was the name of the robotics contest at the 2006 FIRST Vex Challenge. The contest involved building a robot from a kit that could attain a higher score than the opposition by placing the softballs into the colored goals, possessing the tlas ball, and by being parked on the platform or hanging from the bar.
Contents
1 The Game
1.1 Scoring
1.2 Championship Awards
2 External links
//
The Game
Competitors were put on two-team alliances in the qualification matches. The competitors could place their robot anywhere on their side of the field. Each match had a 20-second autonomous period. During the autonomous period each robot's program could drive autonomously to score points without human control. Once the 20 seconds were over, the operators controlled them for the following 2-minute operator control period.
Scoring
The robots' main objective was to score softballs into a low corner goal for 1 point each or score softballs into a tall, triangular goal for 3 points each. In the center was a square platform placed on a dolly. On the platform was a raised bar, 36" off the ground, from one corner to the opposite corner diagonally. A robot parked on the platform and not touching the foam mats would win 5 points. A robot hanging from the bar at the end of a match without touching the platform or the foam would win 15 points. A large, yellow ball called the Atlas Ball was placed on the platform at the beginning of each match. The Atlas Ball would double the points that an alliance made by scoring balls in goals if it was mostly on their side. Also, the alliance that scored the most points in the 20-second autonomous period would gain a 10-point autonomous bonus.
Championship Awards
Championship Winners: 3053 Occam's Engineers, 1114 Simbotics, 3230 EMP.
Championship Finalists: 3050 Jaws, 3549 Rivited Steel, 3652 FLAME.
Inspire Winner: 3053 Occam's Engineers.
External links
2006 Hangin'-A-Round Game Manual
Categories: Robotics competitions(and so on)

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Steel wool

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A piece of steel wool
Steel wool or 'wire wool' is a bundle of strands of very fine soft steel filaments, used in finishing and repairing work to polish wood or metal objects, as well as for household cleaning.
Steel wool is made from low-carbon steel (low enough to be close to plain iron). It is not made by drawing teel wool wire through a tapered die, but rather by a process more like broaching where a heavy steel wire is pulled through a toothed die that removes a thin wire shaving.
Steel wool is commonly used by woodworkers and craftsmen working with paint, lacquer and varnish. Steel wool should not be used on oak, as traces of iron remaining afterwards may react with tannins in the wood to produce blue or black iron stain. Bronze wool or stainless steel wool may be used to avoid this.
When steel wool is heated, it increases in mass due to the burning iron combining with the oxygen.
Often it is used for professional cleaning processes not only on wooden surfaces but also on marble, stone and glass, because it is softer than these materials. For household cleaning use in many countries, including the United States, steel wool is sold as soap-impregnated pads under such trade names as Brillo Pad or S.O.S.
Steel wool also serves as an acceptable form of Ne'itzah (scouring) according to Orthodox Jewish laws of Kashrut.
Another use of steel wool is in rodent control. Small holes are plugged with steel wool which if gnawed on by rodents causes sharp pain in the mouth, and if ingested, severe internal damage, leading to death.
Very fine steel wool is sometimes carried for use as tinder in emergency situations; it burns even when wet, and can be ignited by fire, a spark, or by connecting a battery to produce joule heating. See campfire.
Steel Wool fiber width, mm
Type
Lower specification limit
Upper specification limit
000#
0.00635
0.00889
00#
0.00889
0.0127
0#
0.0127
0.0381
1#
0.0381
0.0635
2#
0.0635
0.0889
3#
0.0889
0.1143
4#
0.1143
0.1778
In Europe, steel wool products offer an enlarged range of grades like the coarser grades 5 and 6 and the very fine grade 0000. Rust-free (stainless, or inoxydable) steel wool is also available.
See also
Bronze wool
Glass wool
Mineral wool
Polishing
Wood finishing
Categories: Cleaning products | Metalworking | Woodworking abrasives
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2008 | All articles lacking sources(and so on)

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Smelting

yanglulu48 — Mon, 15 Jun 2009 10:19:00 +0200

Electric phosphate smelting furnace in a TVA chemical plant (1942)

For other uses, see Smelt (disambiguation).
Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy; its main use is to produce a metal from its ore. This includes iron extraction (for the production of steel) from iron ore, and copper extraction and other base metals from their ores. Smelting uses heat and a chemical reducing agent, commonly a fuel that is a source of carbon such as coke, or in earlier times charcoal, to change the oxidation state of the metal ore. The carbon or carbon monoxide derived from it removes oxygen from the ore to leave the metal. The carbon is thus oxidized, producing carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. As most ores are impure, it is often necessary to use flux, such as limestone, to remove the accompanying rock gangue as slag.
Plants for the electrolytic reduction of aluminium, while not using carbon, are also generally referred to as smelters.
Contents
1 Smelting basics
2 First smelting: campfires
3 Copper smelting: kilns
4 Bronze smelting
5 Iron smelting
5.1 Early iron smelting
5.2 Later iron smelting
6 Base metals
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
//
Smelting basics
The seven metals that were known in ancient times (mercury, tin, lead, copper, silver, gold, and iron) can in principle be smelted through similar chemical reactions from their ores:
Mercury oxide to mercury

Cassiterite to tin

Minium to lead

Silver oxide to silver

Cuprite to copper

Hematite to iron

Different ores require different reactions at different temperatures, but almost always the reducing agent is carbon. The list above is sorted in increasing temperature order, so in this case, iron is the most difficult metal to smelt from the ones in the list (that is why historically iron smelting was the last to be discovered).
A common mistake is to think that the metal is obtained from the ore because at high temperature the metal just melts out of the ore. That is incorrect: if a blacksmith just heats up the ore without the proper reducing agent (carbon), they will just obtain molten ore. Also, one can smelt some ores at a temperature lower than the temperature required to melt the metal. Usually, though, these reactions happen at temperatures high enough to melt the resulting metal, so the metal can just be cast directly out of the furnace.
The exception is that some metal oxides just decompose at relatively low temperatures, so instead of trying to smelt mercury out of mercury oxide, one can just heat up mercury oxide to about 500 (932), and the oxide will decompose into mercury and oxygen; as mercury boils at 357 (675), this will cause the oxide to decompose and boil out, producing the highly toxic gaseous mercury. This is possible only for mercury and a handful of other metal oxides; most metal oxides must be smelted with carbon as the reducing agent.
First smelting: campfires
Smelting is a chemical reaction that requires a particular ore (and many ores look just like any other common sedimentary rock), a particular content of carbon and a particular temperature in order to produce the metal. Without knowledge of chemistry, it is impossible to predict if a given rock can be smelted or not, and what it will produce. Therefore, there is continuous debate to understand how the ancient people learned how to smelt.
Probably the first smelting was done by accident by making a campfire on top of tin or lead ores. Such a combination may accidentally produce metallic tin and lead at the bottom of the campfire, as the temperatures to smelt tin and lead are easily obtained by an ordinary fire.
The earliest cast lead beads known today were found in the ?atal H?y site in Anatolia (Turkey), and were dated of 6500BC. It is unclear when the earliest cast tin artifacts were made, given that tin is much less common than lead, and earlier tin artifacts may have been reused to make bronze.
Although lead is a relatively common metal, the first smelting of lead had less impact in the ancient world. It is soft compared with bronze and steel, but is easy to cast and shape, so became important in the classical world of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome for piping and storage of water.
Copper smelting: kilns
There were in the past some arguments that copper was first smelted by accident also in campfires, but that seems improbable as campfires are about 200 short of the temperature needed to smelt copper. A more probable path may have been through pottery kilns, invented in Persia by 6000BC. Pottery kilns produce ceramics that can be glazed with colorful earths (mostly metallic oxides) to produce colorful vases; it happens that malachite (copper oxide) is a colorful green stone, so a potter that encrusts malachite in a ceramic vase in a coal-fired kiln will produce a few droplets of metallic copper (ruining the vase). That may have set the way to smelt copper.
The first known cast copper artifact is a mace head found in Can Hasan, Turkey from 5000BC.
Copper created some impact on the ancient world, as it produces good blunt weapons and reasonable armor, but it is still too soft to produce useful blade weapons. Therefore, the smelting of copper did not replace the manufacture of stone weapons, which still produced superior blades.
Bronze smelting

Casting bronze ding-tripods, from the Chinese Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia of Song Yingxing, published in 1637.
Bronze is a copper/arsenic or copper/tin alloy. The presence of arsenic and tin dramatically increased the hardness of copper and produced war-winning weapons, as a bronze mace or hammer seemed indestructible at the time, as compared to stone maces and hammers that frequently shattered and flaked on impact. When smiths learned to make bronze daggers and swords they found that they kept their edge much longer compared to the existing stone and volcanic glass daggers. Moreover, while one cannot make stone armor (and therefore warriors had to rely on leather armor), bronze can be readily made into a body armor which is impervious to all weapons of the period. Therefore, knowledge of the smelting of bronze allowed kings to overcome their enemies, and caused such a revolution that it marked the end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the Bronze Age. It would be millennia, though, until bronze could be used by common soldiers and townsfolk, and for a long time they were luxury items used by nobility.
The first copper/arsenic bronzes date of 4200BC from Asia Minor, and were used for a long time until replaced by the modern copper/tin bronzes by 1500BC. It is unclear whether at some point in time the smiths that produced copper/arsenic bronze added arsenic oxides on purpose, or if they explored some copper lodes that happened to have arsenic as a lucky contamination.
The first copper/tin bronzes date of 3200BC, again from Asia Minor. Copper/tin bronzes are harder and more durable than copper/arsenic ones, and made these obsolete. The process through which the smiths learned to produce copper/tin bronzes is once again a mystery. The first such bronzes were probably a lucky accident from tin contamination of copper ores, but by 2000BC we know that tin was being mined on purpose for the production of bronze. This is amazing, given that tin is a semi-rare metal, and even a rich cassiterite ore only has 5% tin. Also it takes special skills (or special instruments) to find it and locate the richer lodes. But, whatever steps were taken to learn about tin, these were fully understood by 2000BC.
Iron smelting
Main article: History of ferrous metallurgy
Early iron smelting
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Steam Gun Boat

yanglulu48 — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 09:33:13 +0200

Class overview
Name:
Steam Gun Boat (SGB)
In service:
Nov 1941
Completed:
7
Active:
none
Lost:
1
General characteristics
Displacement:
175 tons (standard), 255 tons (deep load)
Length:
44.3 m (145 ft 8 in) overall
Beam:
7.1 m (20 ft)
Draught:
1.68 m (5.5ft)
Propulsion:
twin Metrovick geared steam turbines, 1 boiler delivering 5965 kW (8,000 shp) to two shafts
Speed:
35 kts maximum
Range:
200 n.miles at full speed; 900 n.miles @ 12 knots
Complement:
27 initially (3 officers and 24 men), later rising to 34 as a result of changes in armament.
Armament:
(final arrangement) one 76.2-mm (3-in) gun, two single 6-pdr guns, two twin 20-mm cannon, and two 21-in torpedo tubes
The Steam Gun Boat (SGB) was a class of steam gun boats built during 1940 - 1942 for the Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy.
They were developed in parallel with the Fairmile D motor torpedo boats
("Dog boats"), specifically as a response to the need to hunt down
German E-boats and also as a response to the scarcity of suitable
diesel engines. While sixty were planned only an initial batch of nine
were ordered on 8 November 1940, of which seven were completed.
Contents
1 Design
2 Service
3 Boats
4 Notes and references
5 See also
6 External links
//

Design
The Steam Gun Boats were conceived to answer the seeming need for a
craft which was large enough to put to sea in rough weather and which
could operate both as a 'super-gunboat' and a torpedo carrier,
combining the functions of the MGB (Motor Gun Boat) and MTB (Motor
Torpedo Boat) in the same fashion as did the German S-boats. They were
the largest of the Coastal forces vessels, and were the only ones to be
built of steel (all other Coastal Forces craft were of wood). They
resembled a miniature destroyer, and were perhaps the most graceful of
all the craft produced during WW2. However their comparatively large
silhouette was a drawback, making them too easy a target for the faster
German craft.
They were 145 feet 8 inches long and had a displacement of 172 tons
(202 tons fully fueled). They were powered by two 4,000hp steam
turbines using special flash boilers. These boilers proved to be
particularly vulnerable to attack and - once the vessel had broken down
- it required a major effort to repair it. Steam had the advantage of
quietness but demanded a large hull. Large wooden hulls were not
feasible for mass production so steel was used. This meant hulls and
machinery were beyond the scope of the small yards engaged in the rapid
expansion of the coastal forces, and the SGB thus competed for berths
in yards hard put to produce urgently required convoy escorts. Also
they competed in the demand for mild steel and steam power plants
against the more urgently demanded destroyers; accordingly the planned
51 further vessels were never ordered, while the two units ordered from
Thornycroft were never begun due to enemy action. The seven vessels
actually completed were built by Yarrow, Hawthorn Leslie, J. Samuel
White and William Denny and Brothers, entering service by the middle of
1942.
Fuel consumption was heavy with the added disadvantage that, where a
petrol boat could start from cold and get away immediately, the SGB had
to remain in steam. Over time the addition of 18mm (0.7 in) protective
plate over the sides of the boiler and engine rooms, together with the
extra armament and crew, increased the displacement to 260 tons and
their service speed was consequentially reduced to 30 kts.
Veritable battleships of the coastal forces, the Steam Gun Boats were
heavily-armed and could maintain high speed in a seaway. In action
E-boat commanders respected the SGBs almost as much as destroyers.
Service
The nine boats ordered initially received the designation SGB 1 to 9
(of which numbers 1 and 2 were cancelled). The 1st SGB Flotilla was
formed at Portsmouth by mid-June 1942, under the command of Lt-Cmdr.
Peter Scott, son of the Antarctic explorer Captain Robert Scott and
later a noted ornithologist, conservationist and broadcaster. Their
first fleet action took place in the Baie de Seine (the Seine Estuary)
shortly after midnight on 19 June, when two vessels - SGB 7 and 8,
under the joint command of Lt. J. D. Ritchie, in company with the Hunt
class destroyer HMS Albrighton encountered several E-boats escorting
two German merchantmen. SGB 7 was sunk in this action; as a consequence
the Admiralty noted their vulnerability and refitted them with the
additional armour over their engine and boiler rooms, as mentioned
above. At the same time the six survivors were renamed after wildlife
in the form "SGB Grey...." .
Boats
Nine vessels below were all ordered on 8 November 1940.
Ship
Builder
Laid down
Launched
Commissioned
Fate
SGB1
Thornycroft, Woolston
Cancelled
SGB2
Thornycroft, Woolston
Cancelled
SGB3/Grey Seal
Yarrow, Scotstoun
24 January 1941
29 August 1941
21 February 1942
For sale 20 August 1949
SGB4/Grey Fox
Yarrow, Scotstoun
24 January 1941
25 September 1941
15 March 1942
For sale October 1947
SGB5/Grey Owl
Hawthorn Leslie, Hebburn
17 April 1941
27 August 1941
1 April 1942
Sold to British Iron & Steel and scrapped 15 December 1949
SGB6/Grey Shark
Hawthorn Leslie, Hebburn
28 March 1941
17 November 1941
30 April 1942
Sold 13 October 1947. Houseboat in 1949
SGB7
Denny, Dunbarton
3 February 1941
25 September 1941
11 March 1942
Sunk by gunfire from German surface vessels in the Seine Estuary 19 June 1942
SGB8/Grey Wolf
Denny, Dunbarton
3 February 1941
3 November 1941
17 April 1942
Sold 3 February 1948
SGB9/Grey Goose
J. Samuel White, Cowes
23 January 1941
14 February 1942
4 July 1942
Sold about 1957
These boats formed the 1st SGB Flotilla which was initially formed at
Portsmouth, but later based at HMS Aggressive, Newhaven, Sussex on the
south coast of England.
SGB 5 was damaged in the Dieppe raid after meeting a German convoy of R boats.
In 1944 the six survivors were all converted to fast minesweepers and
all (except SGB9/Grey Goose) were sold off in the years after the war.
SGB9 remained in service as a trials vessel from 1952 to 1956, and was
sold off subsequently, becoming a mercantile repair hulk from 1958,
being renamed Anserava.
Notes and references
^ BBC WW2 Peoples War accessed 11th December 2007
The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II by Chris Bishop, 2002 ISBN 978-1586637620
Coastal Forces SGBs at unithistories.com accessed 11th December 2007
David K. Brown, The Design and Construction of British Warships 1939-1945, Volume 3, Conway Maritime Press, ISBN 0-85177-674-4.
George L Moore, The Steam Gunboats - in Warship 1999-2000, Conways Maritime Press, ISBN 0 85177 7244.
See also
Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy
External links
Picture of a steam gun boat
Categories: Boat types | Ships of the Royal Navy | Steam boats(and so on)
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