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Cataract

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For other uses, see Cataract (disambiguation).
CataractClassification and external resources
Magnified view of cataract in human eye, seen on examination with a slit lamp using diffuse illumination
ICD-10
H25.-H26., H28., Q12.0
ICD-9
366
DiseasesDB
2179
MedlinePlus
001001

Human eye cross-sectional view, showing position of human lens. Courtesy NIH National Eye Institute
A cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight to complete opacity and obstructing the passage of light. Early in the development of age-related cataract the power of the lens may be increased, causing near-sightedness (myopia), and the gradual yellowing and opacification of the lens may reduce the perception of blue colours. Cataracts typically progress slowly to cause vision loss and are potentially blinding if untreated. The condition usually affects both the eyes, but almost always one eye is affected earlier than the other.
A senile cataract, occurring in the aged, is characterized by an initial opacity in the lens, subsequent swelling of the lens and final shrinkage with complete loss of transparency. Moreover, with time the cataract cortex liquefies to form a milky white fluid in a Morgagnian cataract, which can cause severe inflammation if the lens capsule ruptures and leaks. Untreated, the cataract can cause phacomorphic glaucoma. Very advanced cataracts with weak zonules are liable to dislocation anteriorly or posteriorly. Such spontaneous posterior dislocations (akin to the historical surgical procedure of couching) in ancient times were regarded as a blessing from the heavens, because some perception of light was restored in the cataractous patients.
Cataract derives from the Latin cataracta meaning "waterfall" and the Greek kataraktes and katarrhaktes, from katarassein meaning "to dash down" (kata-, "down"; arassein, "to strike, dash"). As rapidly running water turns white, the term may later have been used metaphorically to describe the similar appearance of mature ocular opacities. In Latin, cataracta had the alternate meaning "portcullis", so it is also possible that the name came about through the sense of "obstruction". Early Persian physicians called the term nazul-i-ah, or 'descent of the water' - vulgarised into waterfall disease or cataract - believing such blindness to be caused by an outpouring of corrupt humour into the eye. In dialect English a cataract is called a pearl, as in "pearl eye" and "pearl-eyed".
Contents
1 Causes
2 Symptoms
3 Epidemiology
4 Cataract surgery
5 Prevention
6 Recent research
7 Types of cataracts
8 Associations with systemic conditions
9 See also
10 References and notes
11 External links
//
Causes
Cataracts develop from a variety of reasons, including long-term exposure to ultraviolet light, exposure to radiation, secondary effects of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and advanced age, or trauma (possibly much earlier); they are usually a result of denaturation of lens protein. Genetic factors are often a cause of congenital cataracts and positive family history may also play a role in predisposing someone to cataracts at an earlier age, a phenomenon of "anticipation" in pre-senile cataracts. Cataracts may also be produced by eye injury or physical trauma. A study among Icelandair pilots showed commercial airline pilots are three times more likely to develop cataracts than people with non-flying jobs. This is thought to be caused by excessive exposure to radiation coming from outer space. Cataracts are also unusually common in persons exposed to infrared radiation, such as glassblowers who suffer from "exfoliation syndrome". Exposure to microwave radiation can cause cataracts. Atopic or allergic conditions are also known to quicken the progression of cataracts, especially in children.
Cataracts may be partial or complete, stationary or progressive, hard or soft.
Some drugs can induce cataract development, such as corticosteroids and Ezetimibe[citation needed] and Seroquel.
There are various types of cataracts, e.g. nuclear, cortical, mature, and hypermature. Cataracts are also classified by their location, e.g. posterior (classically due to steroid use) and anterior (common (senile) cataract related to aging).
Symptoms
As a cataract becomes more opaque, clear vision is compromised. A loss of visual acuity is noted. Contrast sensitivity is also lost, so that contours, shadows and color vision are less vivid. Veiling glare can be a problem as light is scattered by the cataract into the eye. A contrast sensitivity test should be performed and if a loss in contrast sensitivity is demonstrated an eye specialist consultation is recommended.
In the developed world, particularly...(and so on)

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Lens mount

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A Leica R series teleconverter, with the female side of the Leica R bayonet mount. This side is also used on the camera body.

nd the male side.
A lens mount is an interface mechanical and often also electrical between a photographic camera body and a lens. It is confined to cameras where the body allows interchangeable lenses, most usually the single lens reflex type or any movie camera of 16 mm or higher gauge. Lens mounts are also used to connect optical components in instrumentation that may not involve a camera, such as the modular components used in optical laboratory prototyping which join via C-mount or T-mount elements.
A lens mount may be a screw-threaded type, a bayonet-type, or a friction lock type. Modern still camera lens mounts are of the bayonet type, because the bayonet mechanism precisely aligns mechanical and electrical features between lens and body. Screw-threaded mounts are fragile and do not align the lens in a reliable rotational position, yet types such as the C-mount interface are still widely in use for other applications like video cameras and optical instrumentation.
Bayonet mounts generally have a number of tabs (often three) around the base of the lens, which fit into appropriately sized recesses in the lens mounting plate on the front of the camera. The tabs are often "keyed" in some way to ensure that the lens is only inserted in one orientation, often by making one tab a different size. Once inserted the lens is fastened by turning it a small amount. It is then locked in place by a spring-loaded pin, which can be operated to remove the lens.
Lens mounts of competing manufacturers (Nikon, Canon, Contax/Yashika, Pentax, etc.) are almost always incompatible. Many allege that this is due to the desire of manufacturers to "lock in" consumers to their brand. However, since there are other differences between manufacturers specifically the flange focal distance from the lens mount to the film or sensor one would not want to mount a lens which wasn't specifically designed for their type of camera, at least not without an adapter to correct the spacing.
In movie cameras, the two most popular mounts in current usage on professional 35 mm cameras are Arri's PL mount and Panavision's PV mount. The Panavision mounts are exclusively used with Panavision lenses, and thus are only available on Panaflex cameras or third-party cameras "Panavised" by a Panavision rental house, whereas the PL mount style is favored with most other cameras and cine lens manufacturers. Both of these mounts are held in place with locating pins and friction locking rings. Other mounts which are now largely historical or a minority in relation to current practices are listed below.
Contents
1 List of lens mount types
2 List of lens mounts
2.1 Legend
3 Secondary lens mount
4 Notes
5 References
5.1 General references
6 See also
7 External links
//
List of lens mount types
These types are organized by category; find details in the section that follows.
Stills
Canon EF
Canon EF-S
Canon FD
Canon FL
Contax N
Contax/Yashica bayonet
Four Thirds System
Fujica X bayonet
Konica original bayonet
Konica AR 47mm bayonet
Leica M mount
Leica R bayonet
M42
Mamiya bayonet
Micro Four Thirds System
Minolta AF
Minolta V
Minolta MD
Miranda bayonet (all Miranda cameras had a dual bayonet/M42 screw mount)
Nikon F
Olympus OM
Pentax K
Sigma SA
T-mount (T-thread)
Yashica AF
Cine
Aaton universal
Arri bayonet
Arri PL
Arri standard
B4
BNCR
C mount
CA-1
PV (Panavision)
Industrial
C mount
CS mount
Front-plate mount
List of lens mounts
This list of lens mounts is ordered by flange focal distance, from shortest to longest. It includes both digital, still photography and movie lens mounts.
OEMmodelline(s)
Interchangeabletypename
Framesize
Cameratype
Throatorthreaddiameter
Mountthreadpitch
Mounttype
Flangefocal distance
D mount
8 mm
movie and CCTV
0.625 inch
32 TPI
Screw
12.29 mm
CS mount
16 mm
movie and CCTV
1 inch
32 TPI
Screw
12.52 mm
C mount
16 mm
movie and CCTV
1 inch
32 TPI
Screw
17.526 mm (0.69 inches)
Canon EX
Camcorder
Bayonet
20 mm
Micro Four Thirds
digital still
~38mmA[?]
Bayonet
~20 mm
Bolex
16 mm
movie
Breech lock
23.22 mm
Leica M bayonet
35 mm
still
44 mm
Bayonet
27.8 mm
Canon screw mount
35...(and so on)

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