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Green marketing

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Marketing
Key concepts
Product / Pricing / PromotionDistribution / Service / RetailBrand managementAccount-based marketingMarketing effectivenessMarket researchMarketing strategyMarketing managementMarket dominance
Promotional content
Advertising / BrandingDirect marketing / Personal SalesProduct placement / Public relationsPublicity / Sales promotionSex in advertising / Underwriting
Promotional media
Printing / Publication / BroadcastingOut-of-home / Internet marketingPoint of sale / Novelty itemsDigital marketing / In-gameWord of mouth
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According to the American Marketing Association, green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising. Yet defining green marketing is not a simple task where several meanings intersect and contradict each other; an example of this will be the existence of varying social, environmental and retail definitions attached to this term. Other similar terms used are Environmental Marketing and Ecological Marketing.
The legal implications of marketing claims call for caution. Misleading or overstated claims can lead to regulatory or civil challenges. In the USA, the Federal Trade Commission provides some guidance on environmental marketing claims.
Contents
1 History
2 Greenhouse gas reduction market
3 Popularity and effectiveness
3.1 Ongoing debate
3.2 Confusion
3.3 Statistics
4 Green marketing cases
4.1 Philips Light's "Marathon"
4.2 Car sharing services
4.3 Electronics Sector
4.4 Introduction of CNG in Delhi
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
//
History

A green market in the Lower East Side Green Market, New York City.
The term Green Marketing came into prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The American Marketing Association (AMA) held the first workshop on "Ecological Marketing" in 1975. The proceedings of this workshop resulted in one of the first books on green marketing entitled "Ecological Marketing".
The first wave of Green Marketing occurred in the 1980s. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Reports started with the ice cream seller Ben & Jerry's where the financial report was supplemented by a greater view on the company's environmental impact. In 1987 a document prepared by the World Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainable development as meeting he needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need, this became known as the Brundtland Report and was another step towards widespread thinking on sustainability in everyday activity. Two tangible milestones for wave 1 of green marketing came in the form of published books, both of which were called Green Marketing. They were by Ken Peattie (1992) in the United Kingdom and by Jacquelyn Ottman (1993) in the United States of America.[citation needed]
In the years after 2000 a second wave of Green marketing emerged. By now CSR and the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) were widespread. Such publications as a 2005 United Nations Report, then in 2006 a book by Al Gore and the UK Stern Report brought scientific-environmental arguments to a wide public in an easy to understand way. This knowledge assessed the implications of moving to a low-carbon global economy and the potential of different approaches. This new wave of Green Marketing differed from the first wave in many respects. It is curious to note that Green Marketing Wave 1 followed an economic recession, whereas Green Marketing Wave 2 came before the global recession that come to be known as the redit Crunch. This difference may be significant in that it may suggest that Green Marketing is here to stay. The green marketing concept dictates, amongst other things, less use, recycling and avoiding waste, just some of the ways society reacts at times of recession. (see Bradley 2003 for 6 green marketing strategies).
According to Jacquelyn Ottman, (author of Green Marketing: Opportunity for Innovation) from an organizational standpoint, environmental considerations should be integrated into all aspects of marketing new product development and communications and all points in between. The holistic nature of green also suggests that besides suppliers and retailers new stakeholders be enlisted, including educators, members of the community, regulators, and NGOs. Environmental issues should be balanced with primary customer needs.[citation needed]

The green market at Union Square (14th street), New York City
The past decade has shown that harnessing consumer power to effect positive environmental change is far easier said than...(and so on)

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posted by yanglulu48 on Jul 2, 2009 7:58 AM | 0 comments
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Carmageddon

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For the random acts of kindness event, "Karmageddon", see Join Me.
Carmageddon
Developer(s)
Stainless Games
Publisher(s)
SCi, Interplay
Engine
BRender
Platform(s)
DOS4GW (1997), Macintosh (1997), PlayStation (1999), Nintendo 64 (2000), Game Boy Color (2001)
Release date(s)
June 30, 1997
Genre(s)
Vehicular combat
Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer
Rating(s)
ESRB: MBBFC: 18OFLC: MA15+ELSPA: 15+ (cut)USK: 12 (cut)
Media
CD-ROM
Carmageddon is the first of a series of graphically violent driving-oriented video games produced by Stainless Games, published by Interplay and SCi. It was inspired by the 1975 cult classic movie Death Race 2000.
Contents
1 History
2 Description
3 Controversy
4 Ports
5 Expansion pack and compilation
6 Sequels
7 Series downfall
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
//
History
The game that became Carmageddon started out as "3D Destruction Derby", a banger-racing (stock-car) sim prototyped by Stainless. This was signed by SCi in 1995, but the banger-racing angle was soon dropped and for a while the game was to use the Mad Max license. This fell through, and was replaced by the Death Race 2020 license, as a sequel to the original film was at that time planned (it eventually emerged as a comic book). This introduced the running-over of pedestrians into the game.
When this license also fell through, SCi and Stainless took the decision to proceed with the game anyway, without a license. The name "Carmageddon" was coined, and development proceeded with the designers allowed unusually free rein with regard to the content of the game.
Description
In Carmageddon, the player races a vehicle against a number of other computer controlled competitors in various settings, including city, mine and industrial areas. The player has a certain amount of time to complete each race, but more time may be gained by collecting bonuses, damaging the competitors' cars or by running over pedestrians.
Races are completed by either completing the course as one would a normal racing game, "wasting" (wrecking) all other race cars, or running over all pedestrians on the level before anyone else.
The game was notable for its realistic and ground-breaking physics and for its in-game movie making features. It was also one of the earliest examples of sandbox 3D driving games, and may have influenced other later games including Driver and the Grand Theft Auto series.
The game featured a music score version of Fear Factory's album Demanufacture, with the song 'Zero Signal' being used in the opening theme.
Controversy
In many countries (including Germany and, for a short time, the UK), the game, when released, contained zombies or robots with green blood instead of people, as running over the undead was considered more acceptable by their respective ratings boards. In the UK SCi wanted to gain publicity for the game by submitting it to the BBFC to get an 18 rating, even though this was not necessary as the game contained no video footage. This backfired when the BBFC refused to certify the game unless all blood and gore was removed. After 10 months of appeal, the BBFC certified the original version.
In some countries, the game was banned completely, including Brazil[citation needed]. In Australia the game was passed completely uncut with an MA15+ rating.
Ports
Carmageddon was originally released on the PC (for DOS) in 1997, but was eventually ported to Microsoft Windows (1997), Macintosh (1997), PlayStation (1999), Nintendo 64 (2000) and Game Boy Color (2001). The PlayStation and Nintendo 64 versions of Carmageddon are more similar to Carmageddon II. The Nintendo 64 port was ill-received, being N64 Magazine's lowest rated game at 8% from 1999 till 2004. The magazine encouraged gamers to "take it [the game] off the shelves, rip up the box and throw the cart repeatedly at the wall until it breaks"[citation needed].
Expansion pack and compilation
Carmageddon Splat Pack is an official expansion pack released in 1997. The expansion pack included new tracks, vehicles, environments, network levels and 3Dfx support.
Carmageddon Max Pack, also released in 1997, bundled the original game and its expansion pack into one package. As a bonus, it also included a strategy guide, mousepad, and a leather car key chain with Carmageddon's logo on it.
Sequels
This game was successful enough to spawn several sequels. The other games in the series are:
Carmageddon II: Carpocalypse Now
Carmageddon TDR2000
Carmageddon TV (never released due to Gizmondo's demise)
Carmageddon 64 (Nintendo 64)
Series downfall
SCi had originally planned Carmageddon 4 for a late 2005 release, but later...(and so on)

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posted by yanglulu48 on Jun 26, 2009 4:49 AM | 0 comments
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Premier (car)

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(Redirected from Premier Automobiles)
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Premier Automobiles Limited. (Discuss)
Premier Automobiles Limited is a Mumbai-based manufacturer of vehicles.
Founded in 1944, the car first launched production by building vehicles under license from Dodge and Plymouth. In 1951, they began producing versions of the Fiat 500 for the Indian market. This was followed by the Fiat 1100 in 1954. In 1973, the Premier name was used on their vehicles for the first time, the Premier President, based on the Fiat 1100 as Premier Padmini. In 1984, they launched the Fiat 124-based Premier 118 and 138D models. In 2000, they launched production, under license from Taiwan's China Motor Corporation, of the Premier Sigma and Roadster vans and pick-ups.
Premier Automobiles is an Indian automaker which flourished in the so called 'sudhakar' period from the 1950s till the early 1990s when India was closed to the world and imports. The company was established in 1944 as a result of successful negotiations with Chrysler Corporation in 1939, resulting in licenses to build a Plymouth car and a Dodge truck, sold under the Dodge, Plymouth, DeSoto, and Fargo names) starting around 1949. In the early years, quality was considered good by both Chrysler and the Indian Department of Defense. In 1949, parts were being made in India, starting with simpler components and gradually building up to more complex pieces. Two companies made parts: Premier and Hindustan Motors of Calcutta. The early years of Premier and Hindustan were marked by very low sales, due to the size of the market; only about 20,000 vehicles per year were made in India, in 65 different models. To prevent foreign companies from dominating by mass-producing parts to be assembled into cars in India, the government set up steep import duties on imported parts in 1954, allowing Indian parts-makers to survive.

Premier 118NE
Premier also made a licensed version of the Fiat 1100 which later continued almost unchanged into the late 1990s as the Premier Padmini with a 40hp (30kW) 1100 cc engine. Later models included the Premier 118NE (named after its 1180 cc Nissan A engine and transmission from the Nissan Cherry), a version of the 1960s Fiat 124, considered a luxury car in India till the influx of modern cars in the 1990s.
With market liberalisation Premier tied up with Peugeot to build the Peugeot 309 in India. Initial demand was high but labour problems and poor dealer service led to problems which were compounded when Premier also tied up with old partners Fiat to manufacture the Fiat Uno. Peugeot pulled out of the venture around 2001 with only a few thousand cars sold. Labour and service issues also plagued the Fiat venture and a massive strike finally caused the plant to shut around 2001 with Fiat left to fend for itself with its reputation marred. Not only Fiat, but also the Premier Automobiles Ltd., faced severe criticism in media. There were various criminal cases against its promoters. The Consumer Courts of India were flooded with complaints for non-refund of the car booking. The Promoters of Premier Automobiles have also been confronted with Criminal cases in various consumer courts of India under section 27 of Consumer Protection Act. A customer Association based at Gujarat - Rajkot called Pal Car Customer Association has made various representations against the Premier Automobiles Ltd. CNBC channel also aired an interview under the crime story program called "UNCOVERED".
In November 2004 Premier restarted operations by building a small diesel powered van called the Sigma mainly for the taxi market. It is based on an old 1980s Mitsubishi Varica design licenced from China Motor in Taiwan, with the Peugeot engine from the 309.
Contents
1 Models
2 References
3 See also
4 External links
//
Models
Premier Sigma (a compact diesel MPV)
Premier Roadstar (a compact diesel pickup)
Premier Lifeline (an ambulance based on Sigma Platform)
References
^ Chrysler cars of India - Premier Automobiles
See also
Premier Automobiles Limited
Premier Padmini
External links
Official Company Website
Premier's Vehicle Division Website
Premier Sigma Reviews
Indiacar.com
Categories: Motor vehicle manufacturers of India | Indian automobiles
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posted by yanglulu48 on Jun 17, 2009 8:42 AM | 0 comments
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Steam Gun Boat


Class overview
Name:
Steam Gun Boat (SGB)
In service:
Nov 1941
Completed:
7
Active:
none
Lost:
1
General characteristics
Displacement:
175 tons (standard), 255 tons (deep load)
Length:
44.3 m (145 ft 8 in) overall
Beam:
7.1 m (20 ft)
Draught:
1.68 m (5.5ft)
Propulsion:
twin Metrovick geared steam turbines, 1 boiler delivering 5965 kW (8,000 shp) to two shafts
Speed:
35 kts maximum
Range:
200 n.miles at full speed; 900 n.miles @ 12 knots
Complement:
27 initially (3 officers and 24 men), later rising to 34 as a result of changes in armament.
Armament:
(final arrangement) one 76.2-mm (3-in) gun, two single 6-pdr guns, two twin 20-mm cannon, and two 21-in torpedo tubes
The Steam Gun Boat (SGB) was a class of steam gun boats built during 1940 - 1942 for the Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy.
They were developed in parallel with the Fairmile D motor torpedo boats ("Dog boats"), specifically as a response to the need to hunt down German E-boats and also as a response to the scarcity of suitable diesel engines. While sixty were planned only an initial batch of nine were ordered on 8 November 1940, of which seven were completed.
Contents
1 Design
2 Service
3 Boats
4 Notes and references
5 See also
6 External links
//
Design
The Steam Gun Boats were conceived to answer the seeming need for a craft which was large enough to put to sea in rough weather and which could operate both as a 'super-gunboat' and a torpedo carrier, combining the functions of the MGB (Motor Gun Boat) and MTB (Motor Torpedo Boat) in the same fashion as did the German S-boats. They were the largest of the Coastal forces vessels, and were the only ones to be built of steel (all other Coastal Forces craft were of wood). They resembled a miniature destroyer, and were perhaps the most graceful of all the craft produced during WW2. However their comparatively large silhouette was a drawback, making them too easy a target for the faster German craft.
They were 145 feet 8 inches long and had a displacement of 172 tons (202 tons fully fueled). They were powered by two 4,000hp steam turbines using special flash boilers. These boilers proved to be particularly vulnerable to attack and - once the vessel had broken down - it required a major effort to repair it. Steam had the advantage of quietness but demanded a large hull. Large wooden hulls were not feasible for mass production so steel was used. This meant hulls and machinery were beyond the scope of the small yards engaged in the rapid expansion of the coastal forces, and the SGB thus competed for berths in yards hard put to produce urgently required convoy escorts. Also they competed in the demand for mild steel and steam power plants against the more urgently demanded destroyers; accordingly the planned 51 further vessels were never ordered, while the two units ordered from Thornycroft were never begun due to enemy action. The seven vessels actually completed were built by Yarrow, Hawthorn Leslie, J. Samuel White and William Denny and Brothers, entering service by the middle of 1942.
Fuel consumption was heavy with the added disadvantage that, where a petrol boat could start from cold and get away immediately, the SGB had to remain in steam. Over time the addition of 18mm (0.7 in) protective plate over the sides of the boiler and engine rooms, together with the extra armament and crew, increased the displacement to 260 tons and their service speed was consequentially reduced to 30 kts.
Veritable battleships of the coastal forces, the Steam Gun Boats were heavily-armed and could maintain high speed in a seaway. In action E-boat commanders respected the SGBs almost as much as destroyers.
Service
The nine boats ordered initially received the designation SGB 1 to 9 (of which numbers 1 and 2 were cancelled). The 1st SGB Flotilla was formed at Portsmouth by mid-June 1942, under the command of Lt-Cmdr. Peter Scott, son of the Antarctic explorer Captain Robert Scott and later a noted ornithologist, conservationist and broadcaster. Their first fleet action took place in the Baie de Seine (the Seine Estuary) shortly after midnight on 19 June, when two vessels - SGB 7 and 8, under the joint command of Lt. J. D. Ritchie, in company with the Hunt class destroyer HMS Albrighton encountered several E-boats escorting two German merchantmen. SGB 7 was sunk in this action; as a consequence the Admiralty noted their vulnerability and refitted them with the additional armour over their engine and boiler rooms, as mentioned above. At the same time the six survivors were renamed after wildlife in the form "SGB Grey...." .
Boats
Nine vessels below were all ordered on 8 November 1940.
Ship
Builder
Laid down
Launched
Commissioned
Fate
SGB1
Thornycroft, Woolston
Cancelled
SGB2
Thornycroft, Woolston
Cancelled
SGB3/Grey Seal
Yarrow, Scotstoun
24 January 1941
29 August 1941
21 February 1942
For sale 20 August 1949
SGB4/Grey Fox
Yarrow, Scotstoun
24 January 1941
25 September 1941
15 March 1942
For sale October 1947
SGB5/Grey Owl
Hawthorn Leslie, Hebburn
17 April 1941
27 August 1941
1 April 1942
Sold to British Iron & Steel and scrapped 15 December 1949
SGB6/Grey Shark
Hawthorn Leslie, Hebburn
28 March 1941
17 November 1941
30 April 1942
Sold 13 October 1947. Houseboat in 1949
SGB7
Denny, Dunbarton
3 February 1941
25 September 1941
11 March 1942
Sunk by gunfire from German surface vessels in the Seine Estuary 19 June 1942
SGB8/Grey Wolf
Denny, Dunbarton
3 February 1941
3 November 1941
17 April 1942
Sold 3 February 1948
SGB9/Grey Goose
J. Samuel White, Cowes
23 January 1941
14 February 1942
4 July 1942
Sold about 1957
These boats formed the 1st SGB Flotilla which was initially formed at Portsmouth, but later based at HMS Aggressive, Newhaven, Sussex on the south coast of England.
SGB 5 was damaged in the Dieppe raid after meeting a German convoy of R boats.
In 1944 the six survivors were all converted to fast minesweepers and all (except SGB9/Grey Goose) were sold off in the years after the war. SGB9 remained in service as a trials vessel from 1952 to 1956, and was sold off subsequently, becoming a mercantile repair hulk from 1958, being renamed Anserava.
Notes and references
^ BBC WW2 Peoples War accessed 11th December 2007
The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II by Chris Bishop, 2002 ISBN 978-1586637620
Coastal Forces SGBs at unithistories.com accessed 11th December 2007
David K. Brown, The Design and Construction of British Warships 1939-1945, Volume 3, Conway Maritime Press, ISBN 0-85177-674-4.
George L Moore, The Steam Gunboats - in Warship 1999-2000, Conways Maritime Press, ISBN 0 85177 7244.
See also
Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy
External links
Picture of a steam gun boat
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posted by yanglulu48 on Jun 10, 2009 9:33 AM | 0 comments
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